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BG1-20 Shutdown Heat Flux for Vertical Tubeside Thermosiphon Reboilers

December 18, 2025

This report reviews shutdown data and criteria for a vertical tubeside thermosiphon reboiler (VTTR) documented in a previous report. A new correlation for the shutdown heat flux is proposed. This correlation uses the vaporization duty, applicable to both pure component fluids and mixtures, to bridge the gaps that the previous correlations...
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• THERMOSIPHON REBOILER
• SUBCOOLING
• BOILING
• VTTR

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BK1-19 Transition and Film Boiling Methods for Kettle Reboilers

November 21, 2022

This report proposes several correlations based on physical properties to replace the current reduced-pressure correlations Xist® 9.0 uses to determine the maximum heat flux and film boiling heat transfer coefficient for kettle reboilers. It discusses methods to determine the critical temperature differences and documents a new transition boiling method that improves...
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• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• KETTLE REBOILER
• BOILING

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BK1-17 Improvements to HTRI 1D Kettle Circulation Model

October 18, 2022

This report discusses bundle pressure drop and recirculation flow rate measurements. Comparing HTRI data trends to the bundle flow rate measurements from the literature, we developed an improved circulation model for kettle reboilers. The improved model predicts a higher recirculation, especially at a high vapor generation, which also improves the thermal...
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• PRESSURE DROP
• KETTLE REBOILER
• BOILING

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BK1-16 Boiling Temperature Rise due to Recirculation in Kettle Reboiler

June 23, 2022

Recirculation in kettle reboilers causes a boiling temperature increase or rise for mixtures because it increases the concentration of less volatile components of the bundle flow. Methods in Xist® 9.0 account for this rise at the top of the bundle. However, the bubble point calculation is based on the feed composition...
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• BOILING

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BT-43 Liquid Film Breakdown in Tubeside Falling Film Evaporators

May 19, 2021

This report provides an overview of several mechanisms for the breakdown of falling film. Available literature and HTRI data enable confirmation of the minimum wetting flow rate calculation used in Xist 8.2 and the development of two correlations for determining Reynolds numbers for the Marangoni breakdown, one for the subcooled zone...
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• XIST
• FALLING FILM
• BOILING

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BG1-19 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Vertical Tubeside Thermosiphon Reboiler Under Turndown

June 10, 2020

This report summarizes HTRI data on vertical tubeside boiling, highlighting the shortcomings of current methods in accurately predicting tubeside pressure drop and heat transfer at low mass velocities. Improvements to the liquid holdup model and a warning message for thermal prediction close to turndown conditions are also discussed. When implemented in...
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• THERMOSIPHON REBOILER
• BOILING

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BG1-18 Turndown Operation of a Vertical Tubeside Thermosiphon Reboiler

October 21, 2019

This report provides a comprehensive look at the turndown operation of a vertical tubeside thermosiphon reboiler (VTTR), including predictions of thermal and hydraulic performance and quantitative criteria for turndown limits. Data were collected for water, n-pentane, p-xylene, and n-pentane/p-xylene mixtures in an industrially relevant VTTR flow loop. The unit was systematically turned...
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• BOILING
• THERMOSIPHON REBOILER

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PHE-20 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Method for Corrugated Channels in Plate Heat Exchangers

February 12, 2019

HTRI has collected flow boiling data in a plate-and-frame heat exchanger, as well as in two plate-and-shell heat exchangers and one welded plate heat exchanger. Based on these data, we have developed an improved flow boiling method applicable to heat exchangers using corrugated plates....
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• BOILING
• PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

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BG1-17 Alternative Boiling Correlations to Those Based on Reduced Pressure

November 19, 2018

This report reviews boiling correlations based on reduced pressure and used in Xchanger Suite 8.0. Alternative, more theoretical correlations using physical properties instead of reduced pressure are discussed. ...
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• BOILING
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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PHE-18-TR Shellside Boiling Tests in Plate-and-shell Heat Exchanger

July 10, 2018

HTRI collected flow boiling data using a plate-and-shell heat exchanger (PSHE) provided by Vahterus Oy. In the exchanger, steam condensed on the plate side, and process fluids—pure n-pentane and a mixture of n-pentane and p-xylene—boiled on the shell side. This report discusses the data and analysis, including evaluations using Xphe® 7.3.1....
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• BOILING
• PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
• SHELLSIDE
• XPHE

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PHE-17-TR Liquid-phase and Boiling Testing in a Welded Plate Heat Exchanger

March 07, 2018

HTRI conducted liquid-phase and phase-change experiments in a welded plate heat exchanger (WPHE) provided by Hisaka Works, Ltd. With the test plate pack installed vertically, cold fluid flowed horizontally, and steam condensed downward. We conducted single-phase and boiling tests using p-xylene as the test fluid, as well as boiling tests using...
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• BOILING
• PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
• SINGLE-PHASE
• XPHE

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BG1-16 Shellside Longitudinal Liquid-phase and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for Horizontal Plain Tube Bundles

August 01, 2017

This report discusses liquid-phase and flow boiling data collected on the shell side of a horizontal, nonbaffled plain tube bundle. Using these and other HTRI data, we evaluated heat transfer predictions from HTRI Xchanger Suite 7.3 and modified our methods. Fluid temperature measurements around the bundle demonstrate thermal stratification of liquid...
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• BOILING
• HEAT TRANSFER
• HORIZONTAL TUBES
• SHELLSIDE

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BK1-15 Applications of Ideal Bundle Boiling Methods to X-shell and Kettle Reboilers

June 30, 2017

Flow boiling prediction methods were recently improved using data collected from ideal crossflow bundles. When applied with accurate property models, these modified methods also improve prediction of X‑shell and kettle reboiler heat transfer measurements. Future implementation of the modified methods in Xchanger Suite should improve the accuracy of flow boiling predictions;...
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• BOILING
• KETTLE REBOILER

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TPG-7 Challenges of Simulating Complete Intube Phase Change with CFD

March 13, 2017

Over the past several decades, the accuracy and usability of computational methods have substantially improved. This report reviews the complicated physics of two-phase flow and phase change, presents the equations of motion for a two-phase flow with various closure models, and compares current computational approaches. Although inadequate for the entire spectrum of...
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• CFD
• TWO-PHASE FLOW
• BOILING
• CONDENSATION
• FLOW REGIME

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Research Update: Shellside Longitudinal Liquid-phase and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for Vertical Plain Tube Bundles

January 19, 2017

Vertical shellside boiling is used for a variety of applications, including vertical thermosiphon reboilers where hot fluid must be on the tubeside steam generators/waste heat boilers, which use very hot or corrosive fluids as the heating medium vertical feed-effluent exchangers, whose vertical orientation prevents phase separation Ideal vertical shellside reboilers have...
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• BOILING
• RESEARCH
• SHELLSIDE
• THERMOSIPHON REBOILER
• PLAIN TUBE

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BK1-14 Heat Transfer of Kettle Reboiler Tubes Above the Liquid Level

January 16, 2017

This report reviews literature and HTRI kettle reboiler data obtained when the liquid level was below the top of the tube bundle. We propose both a method to predict the two-phase jet height above the liquid level and an algorithm for predicting the heat transfer coefficient above the liquid level....
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• BOILING
• KETTLE REBOILER

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Research Update: Applications of Crossflow Boiling Model to Low-finned Tube Bundles

January 16, 2017

This webinar reviews HTRI and literature boiling data outside low-finned tubes, compares HTRI flow boiling data across plan and low-finned tube bundles, examines and evaluates HTRI’s current boiling model, and describe a more simple and more accurate boiling model....
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• BOILING
• CROSSFLOW
• FINNED TUBES
• RESEARCH

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Research Update: Flow Boiling Heat Transfer across Plain Tube Bundles

January 16, 2017

This webinar will discuss flow boiling data across ideal plain tube bundles collected in the HTRI Multipurpose Boiling Unit and compiled from the literature. Our current method has four heat transfer mechanisms: nucleate boiling, convective boiling, thin liquid film conduction, and natural convection. It is complex with many correlation parameters and...
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• BOILING
• PLAIN TUBE
• RESEARCH

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Research Update: Modeling Flat Bundles in Kettle Reboilers

January 16, 2017

Engineers may design flat bundles in kettle reboilers by removing tuberows from round bundles to create a larger disengagement space. This webinar discusses application of the kettle reboiler circulation boiling model to flat bundles. It reviews calculations for the static driving head and maximum heat flux for flat bundles. We also...
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• BOILING
• FLAT BUNDLE
• KETTLE REBOILER
• RESEARCH

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